The state statutory provision that authorizes officers to demand that drivers reveal their VIN "provided no justification for the officer's entry of car." Id., at 497, 472 N.E.2d, at 1013. Although it recognized that a search for a VIN generally involves a minimal intrusion because of its limited potential locations, and agreed that there is a compelling law enforcement interest in positively identifying vehicles involved in accidents or automobile thefts, the court thought it decisive that the facts of this case "reveal no reason for the officer to suspect other criminal activity or to act to protect his own safety." Id., at 495-496, 472 N.E.2d, at 1012. hidden areas" of the car, and "therefore constituted a search." 63 N.Y. was undertaken to obtain *109 information and it exposed. It reasoned that the police officer's "intrusion. The Appellate Division of the New York Supreme Court upheld the conviction without opinion. Nor is it disputed that respondent committed the traffic violations with which he was charged, and that, as of the day of the arrest, he had not been issued a valid driver's license.Īfter the state trial court denied a motion to suppress the gun as evidence, respondent was convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree. It is undisputed that the police officers had no reason to suspect that respondent's car was stolen, that it contained contraband, or that respondent had committed an offense other than the traffic violations. Respondent was also issued summonses for his traffic violations. The officer seized the gun, and respondent was promptly arrested. In doing so, Officer McNamee saw the handle of a gun protruding about one inch from underneath the driver's seat. When the officer did not find the VIN on the doorjamb, he reached into the interior of respondent's car to move some papers obscuring the area of the dashboard where the VIN is located in later model automobiles. Meanwhile, Officer McNamee opened the door of respondent's car to look for the VIN, which is located on the left doorjamb in automobiles manufactured before 1969. Respondent provided Officer Meyer with a registration certificate and proof of insurance, but stated that he had no driver's license. Officer McNamee went directly to respondent's vehicle. Respondent then emerged from his car and approached Officer Meyer. Respondent followed the officers' ensuing directive to pull over. Both driving with a cracked windshield and speeding are traffic violations under New York law. On the afternoon of May 11, 1981, New York City police officers Lawrence Meyer and William McNamee observed respondent *108 Benigno Class driving above the speed limit in a car with a cracked windshield. We hold that, in these circumstances, the police officer's action does not violate the Fourth Amendment. In this case, we must decide whether, in order to observe a Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) generally visible from outside an automobile, a police officer may reach into the passenger compartment of a vehicle to move papers obscuring the VIN after its driver has been stopped for a traffic violation and has exited the car. JUSTICE O'CONNOR delivered the opinion of the Court. Cogan argued the cause pro hac vice for respondent. Kartagener argued the cause for petitioner. Argued NovemDecided February 25, 1986ĬERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NEW YORK Packages will be released soon so register your interest to be the first to know.Supreme Court of United States. We’ve been taking customers to Rugby World Cup events across the world for years now, and we look forward to doing it again in 2023.” France is an exceptional host country and offers people the chance to experience not only the electrifying atmosphere of the game and celebrations but also the beautiful French cuisine, stunning landmarks, and unbeatable culture. Our Company Director Daniel Morahan said “We are so excited to be heading back to France to deliver more incredible rugby experiences for our customers. Join us on the trip of a lifetime to experience the ultimate rugby event in one of the world’s most beautiful countries. We are thrilled to announce that Keith Prowse Travel has been appointed as an Official Travel Agent for Rugby World Cup 2023.Ĭoinciding with the 10th anniversary of the world’s most prestigious rugby tournament, France 2023 is shaping up to be one of the biggest yet.
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